Analysis of the ecological condition of water and bottom substrates ukrainian coastal water bodies and the shelf zone of nwbs biotesting method on microalgae

Ukrainian Scientific Center of Ecology of the Sea (UkrSCES)
     89 Frantsuzky Blvd, 65009, Odessa-9, Ukraine

                             +38 (093) 55 22 77 5  – mob.; +38 (0482) 68 15 67 – work.

                                                     e-mail   master_helga@ukr.net

 

INTRODUCTION

       The biomonitoring of the Ukrainian part of NWBS was carried out by the method of biotesting on laboratory culture of algae in the autumn seasons of 2020. The urgency of assessing the quality of the Black Sea environment by the method of biotesting is due to the need to use in marine monitoring of modern integrated and cost-effective research aimed at obtaining information on changes in the ecological condition of clean waters and those under anthropogenic influence.                                         

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS       

        Modeling of influence of seawater and extracted pollutants from bottom sediments on the marine environment in the laboratory was performed on the microalgae population to assess the quality of the seawater environment and bottom sediments. Biotesting was performed according to the generally accepted method of biotesting in laboratory culture of unicellular algae. The criterion of toxicity were changes in algae cells, reflecting the number and reproductive capacity of algae [1], [2]. The studies were performed with water samples, mainly from the surface layer from sampling sites, and bottom sediments taken in autumn 2020.

         The laboratory culture of planktonic algae Desmodesmus communis (E.Hegewald) E. Hegewald was used as a test object. The test function was the reproducibility of the test object. The studied concentrations were 1.0 ml • l^-1-10.0 ml • l^-1 and 1.0 g • l^-1-10.0 g • l^-1 [3], [4].        

        We have developed an express tool for assessing the quality of the aquatic environment (water and sediments). The result of the assessment of environmental quality of water and sediments is defined and included in accordance with its own weight (selected by the expert) in a qualitative response: stimulating -> 100%; invalid - 75% - 100%; toxic - 50% - 75%; acute-toxic - 25% -50%; lethal - <25%.The final assessment of the quality of the aquatic environment ranges from - <25% to> 100% of the control values and corresponds to 5 classes [5] (Table 1).

 

Table 1. Scale of environmental quality of water and bottom sediments by biotesting on     

                                                                            microalgae.

% of control	Color code	Ecological status class	Characteristics of aquatic environment
> 100 %	Blue	High	Stimulating
75 % - 100 %	Green	Good	Inactive
50 % - 74 %	Yellow	Moderate	Toxic
25 % - 49 %	Orange	Poor	Acutely toxic
- < 25 %	Red	Bad	Lethal

 

     

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

         The research was conducted in Ukrainian coastal water bodies; recreation areas, port, urban wastewater and areas of their impact.The results of biotesting of Ukrainian coastal water bodies and the shelf zone of PZChM of different in nature of the influence of abiotic factors and anthropogenic load are presented in tables 1 and 2.Research shows that in the fall of 2020, most of the study areas were free of toxic substances. These dangerous pollutants were more often found in the surface layer of water in port and urban wastewater areas; the area of mixing of river and sea waters (Tables 1, 2).

Table 2. Change in the number of Desmodesmus communis cells under the action of the marine water of the coastal zone NWBS in autumn 2020 (in % of control)

Experiment time (days)
Studied concentrations of marine waters, ml · l-1	1		3		5		7		10
	%  from control	average value рН	%  from control	average value рН	%  from control	average value рН	%  from control	average value рН	%  from control	average value рН
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Dniester region of NWBS CW4 Zatoka (surface water)
1,0 10,0	26,15 56,92	8,62 8,46	117,36 107,64	8,75 8,55	152,35 69,13	8,78 8,60	141,58 88,42	8,72 8,54	82,84 75,99	8,65 8,55
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 Dacha Kovalevsky’s (surface water)
1,0 10,0	40,00 87,69	8,61 8,52	83,33 70,14	8,71 8,78	95,30 67,11	8,71 8,57	67,37 83,68	8,67 8,61	58,82 53,92	8,63 8,48
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 Arcadia beach (surface water)
1,0 10,0	44,61 50,77	8,63 8,52	146,53 174,31	8,80 8,88	221,48 276,51	8,90 8,86	274,74 190,53	8,73 8,88	674,02 370,59	8,72 8,68
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 Cape Malyi Fountain (surface water)
1,0 10,0	23,08 13,85	8,62 8,48	163,89 79,17	8,74 8,61	232,22 132,89	8,78 8,79	378,42 179,47	8,79 8,77	257,31 55,88	8,77 8,61
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 near Chkalov’s name sanatorium (surface water)
1,0 10,0	43,07 46,15	8,62 8,51	145,83 104,17	8,64 8,63	157,05 167,11	8,84 8,70	138,42 190,53	8,68 8,81	62,25 355,39	8,78 8,76
Dniester region of  NWBS CW5 Dolphin beach (surface water)
1,0 10,0	40,00 14,62	8,53 8,53	226,39 421,53	8,82 9,03	381,21 570,47	9,01 9,06	565,79 620,53	9,05 8,80	686,27 700,00	8,53 8,60
Dnipro region of NWBS CW6 Luzanivka (surface water)
1,0 10,	36,92 38,46	8,64 8,52	152,08 65,28	8,69 8,57	128,19 64,43	8,66 8,57	68,42 90,53	8,67 8,49	107,35 46,08	8,50 8,57
Dnipro region of NWBS CW6 port Odessa (surface water)
1,0 10,0	29,23 70,77	8,62 8,49	53,47 89,58	8,69 8,55	87,92 71,15	8,78 8,52	71,58 61,05	8,64 8,45	33,83 30,88	8,58 8,46
Dnipro region of NWBS CW7 near Kobleve (surface water)
1,0 10,0	35,39 160,00	8,62 8,45	108,33 62,50	8,67 8,70	95,30 60,40	8,69 8,68	78,42 164,74	8,65 8,55	51,96 477,94	8,62 8,48
Dnipro region of NWBS CW7 near port Youzhnyi (surface water)
1,0 10,0	50,77 33,85	8,58 8,47	110,42 53,47	8,70 8,45	111,41 55,03	8,70 8,48	167,89 53,68	8,65 8,47	102,94 37,75	8,70 8,45
Control	100,00	8,64	100,00	8,61	100,00	8,71	100,00	8,73	100,00	8,74

Table 3. Change in the number of Desmodesmus communis cells due to the action of bottom sediments extracts in autumn 2020 (in % of control)

 

Experiment time (days)
Studied concentrations of bottom sediments extracts, g · l-1	1		3		7		10
	%  from control	Average  value рН	%  from control	Average  value рН	%  from  control	average value рН	%  from  control	Average  value рН
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Dniester region of NWBS CW4 Zatoka
1,0 10,0	118,24 151,56	8,76 8,70	88,10 119,74	9,01 9,02	94,58 125,42	8,96 8,91	64,93 751,13	8,78 9,01
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 Cape Malyi Fountain
1,0 10,0	45,46 54,55	8,22 8,24	92,24 91,38	8,71 8,74	62,96 63,49	8,67 8,93	115,17 63,98	8,82 8,77
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 Arcadia beach
1,0 10,0	122,73 90,91	8,67 8,66	356,90 695,69	8,68 8,98	367,73 602,11	9,11 9,64	966,83 753,88	8,79 9,83
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 Dacha Kovalevsky’s
1,0 10,0	81,81 363,63	8,21 8,27	78,45 120,69	8,35 8,81	68,79 287,50	8,80 8,93	37,44 772,99	8,78 8,98
Dniester region of NWBS CW5 near Chkalov’s name sanatorium
1,0 10,0	181,82 122,73	8,65 8,68	407,76 341,38	8,82 8,91	483,60 342,53	9,27 9,72	927,86 879,62	8,83 8,80
Dniester region of  NWBS CW5 Dolphin beach
1,0 10,0	122,73 68,18	8,29 8,28	182,76 70,69	8,74 8,76	83,07 34,39	8,75 8,69	156,40 23,70	8,58 8,60
Dnipro region of NWBS CW6 Luzanivka (surface water)
1,0 10,0	63,63 122,72	7,95 8,22	83,62 104,10	8,61 8,75	69,31 187,30	8,75 8,74	99,05 469,67	8,75 9,17
Dnipro region of NWBS CW6 port Odessa
1,0 10,0	286,36 86,36	8,11 8,03	611,21 697,41	9,10 8,88	669,84 1023,80	9,77 9,34	1065,88 >1658,77	9,06 9,08
Dnipro region of NWBS CW7 near Kobleve
1,0 10,0	113,64 131,82	8,67 8,68	131,90 308,62	8,91 8,77	87,30 296,83	8,74 8,83	617,54 753,08	8,90 8,95
Dnipro region of NWBS CW7 near port Youzhnyi
1,0 10,0	59,10 1127,27	8,69 8,68	224,14 517,24	8,85 8,88	283,60 452,38	8,98 9,17	941,71 917,90	8,91 8,80
Control	100,00	8,78	100,0	9,06	100,00	9,78	100,00	9,84

 

         In autumn, substances that during biotesting had a toxic effect on the reproduction of D. communis were in the surface layer of the CW6 massif - the districts of Odessa port (30.88-33.83% of control) and Dacha Kovalevsky (53.92- 58.82% of control). In terms of environmental status, these areas are assessed as "satisfactory".

       The number of algae cells of the test object was below the control values in the minimum and maximum concentrations of the samples of the surface layer of the following water bodies. So in the samples with the minimum concentrations taken in the waters of the beaches CW 7 Koblevo (62.50% of control), CW5 sanatorium named after Chkalov (51.96%). Accordingly, these water bodies belong to the classes of waters - "medium-high".

Also in the maximum concentrations of samples of the surface layer of the CW 7 district, Yuzhny port - 37.75% of control, Luzanivka beach - 46.08% The ecological quality of these water bodies corresponds to the classes "high - satisfactory", and CW5 (Cape Small Fountain beach - 55.88% of the control) - "high - mediocre".

        The surface water layer of the CW4 massifs (Zatoka beach) belonged to the ecological class of waters "good"; CW5 - beaches of Arcadia and Dolphin, belongs to the class of waters - "high". In the locations of these beaches there were substances which considerably strengthened reproductive abilities of seaweed of test - object (tabl. 1).

      In autumn, during studies of the quality of extracted pollutants of bottom sediments selected in the coastal strip of the sea more often than in biotesting of its water quality, a significant stimulating effect of pollutants on reproduction of D. сommunis was observed (especially in the sediments of selected beaches of the sanatorium named after Chkalov, Arcadia - CW5; in the port of Odessa - CW6; Koblevo and the port of Yuzhnyy  CW7 (Table 2).).

       The ecological quality of these bottom massifs corresponds to the "high" classes. The bottom sediments of the CW6 area belong to the ecological class - "good-high".

         The presence of toxic substances was also found in the bottom sediments of the coastal strip of the sea. Reproduction of algae cells of the test object was below the control values ​​in the minimum and maximum concentrations of extracted samples of contaminants of the bottom sediments of the study areas. Thus, in the samples with the minimum concentrations taken in the waters of the beaches of CW4 Bay, the number of algae cells was 64.73% of the control, CW5 Dacha Kovalevsky - 37.44%. These bottom massifs belong to ecological classes - "medium-high" and "satisfactory-high".

         In the variants with the maximum concentrations of bottom sediment samples of the CW 7 port, Yuzhny port, the number of D. communis cells was 37.75%, Luzanivka beach - 46.08% and CW5 Cape Maly Fontan beach - 55.88% of the control. The ecological quality of these arrays corresponds to classes CW7 "high - satisfactory", and CW5 - "high - mediocre", respectively.

      Bottom sediments in CW5 (Dolphin Beach) in maximum concentrations, have significant toxicity, and are characterized as belonging to the ecological class " high-lethal "(Table 2).

       During the experiments, the obtained values of pH changes of the control and experimental media, where the test object was cultured, are insufficient for conclusions. Indicators of changes in the alkalinity of the experimental environment are due to many factors: the vital processes of algae and changes in pollutants.

.

 CONCLUSIONS

 

         In the autumn season of 2020, the biomonitoring of the waters of the Ukrainian part of the PZCHM used the method of biotesting, which allowed to study the impact of the environment on physiological - morphological and quantitative indicators of the test object (laboratory culture of microalgae D. communis). It was found that the ecological condition of the coastal waters of the PZCHM was influenced by both anthropogenic and natural factors, which was reflected in the indicators of reproduction and development of the test object in the studied environments.

.         The worst ecological properties for the life of aquatic organisms were characterized by the surface water layers of the CW5 massifs of Dacha Kovalevsky beach; CW 7 - Luzanivka beach and Yuzhny port. Toxic substances were also found in the surface waters of the CW5 massifs - the Chkalov sanatorium; CW6 - Odessa port area (30.88-33.83% of control); waters of the beach CW7 - Koblevo and in the bottom sediments CW4 - the beach Zatoka.

           Bottom sediments in the maximum investigated concentrations of the CW5 area - Dolphin Beach (23.70% of control) had significant toxicity, and are characterized as belonging to the ecological class "lethal." The surface layer of water of the CW5 massifs - Arcadia beach and bottom sediments of the CW5 area - Arcadia beaches, Chkalov sanatorium; CW6 -Odessa port; СW7 - Koblevo beach and Yuzhnyy port contained substances that significantly enhanced the reproductive capacity of the alga D. communis. The ecological quality of these bottom massifs corresponds to the "high" classes.

      Studies show that the ecological condition of the coastal and open waters of the Black Sea requires constant ecological monitoring.

 

REFERENCES

 

1 Tsyban A.V. (1980 ) Guide to the methods of biological analysis of sea water and bottom sediments. Gidrometeoizdat,-.100-105. (in Rus.)

2 Gypsy A.V. (1988) Methodological foundations of integrated environmental monitoring of the ocean .Moscow branch of Gidrometeoizdat.--. 185-200. (in Rus.)

3 Lanskaya L. A. (1971) Cultivation of algae. Ecological physiology of marine planktonic algae .Kiev, Naukova Dumka,.- 5 - 21. (in Rus.)

4 Semenova O.A., Bazeljan V..L (2006) Toxicity assessment of bottom sediments of Lake Kugurluy by biotesting method .Black Sea Ecological Bulletin. 3, Part 1.-125 - 135. (in Rus.)

5 Ukrainian V.V, Krasota L.L., Semenova O.O., Rachinska O.V. (2018)  Estimation of the marine life rate by the methods of biotestation and bioindicating // The basic assessment and the value of the Good Ecological Camp (DES) of the marine center of the Black Sea within the limits of the exclusive European economic zone of Ukraine Odessa.--V. 3.--143. - Bibliogr .: p. 108-118. - No. DR 0118U006641. -Inv. No. 0219U101293 (in Rus.)